Subdivisions and Geography

Subdivisions and Geography The 27 Units of the Federação.da federation are contained, for statistical ends and, in some cases, of orientation of the federal performance, in five great areas: Center-west, Northeast, North, Southeast and South. Each state, as well as Distrito Federal, has its own executive organs (in the governor's illustration), legislatives (Assembly Legislative unicameral) and judiciary (state tribunals). Just to the states it fits to subdivide in Municipal districts, that vary in number, among 15 (Roraima) and 853 (Minas Gerais). The smallest autonomous units of the Federation just have the Executive power, exercised by the mayor, and Legislative, headquartered in the City hall. This last one is an entity with a secular history in the Iberian Peninsula and areas for her colonized
Below, the federal units that compose each area and its capitals:
Area Center-west
Goiás (GO), Goiânia
Mato Grosso (MT), Cuiabá
Distrito Federal (DF), Brasília
Mato Grosso of the South (BAD), Campo Grande
Northeast area
Alagoas (AL), Maceió
It will Have dinner (CE), Fortaleza
Maranhão (MA), São Luís
Paraíba (PB), João Pessoa
Pernambuco (FOOT), Recife
Piauí (PI), Teresina
I Laugh Big of the North (RN), Christmas
Bahia (BA), Salvador
Sergipe (IF), Aracaju
North area
Acre (AC), Rio Branco
Amapá (AP), Macapá
Amazonas (AM), Manaus
Pará (SHOVEL), Belém
Rondônia (RO), Porto Velho
Roraima (RR), Boa Vista
Tocantins (TO), Palmas
Southeast area
Spirit Saint (you are), Vitória
Minas Gerais (MG), Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo (SP), São Paulo
South area
Paraná (PR), Curitiba
I Laugh Big of the South (RS), Porto Alegre
Sacred Catarina (SC), Florianópolis
More populous cities
He/she notices: in millions of inhabitants
São Paulo - 10,92
Rio de Janeiro - 6,09
Salvador - 2,67
Fortaleza - 2,41
Belo Horizonte - 2,37
Brasília - 2,33
Curitiba - 1,75
Manaus - 1,64
Recife - 1,50
Porto Alegre - 1,42
Belém - 1,40
Guarulhos - 1,25
Goiânia - 1,20
Campinas - 1,04
São Luís - 0,97

Larger urban gatherings in millions of inhabitants
Metropolitan area of São Paulo - São Paulo - 20,5
Metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro - 11,6
Metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - 5,1
Metropolitan area of Recife - Pernambuco - 4,2
Metropolitan area of Porto Alegre - Big Rio of the South - 3,9
Metropolitan area of Salvador - Bahia - 3,37
Metropolitan area of Fortaleza - Ceará - 3,35
Metropolitan area of Curitiba - Paraná - 3,1
Metropolitan area of Campinas - São Paulo - 2,6
Metropolitan area of Goiânia - Goiás - 2,0
geography is diversified, with semi-arid, mountainous landscapes, of tropical, subtropical plain, with climates varying of the dry interior native of northeastern Brazil to the rainy climate tropical equatorial, to the cold of the south area, with subtropical climate and frequent frosts.

Its people are the result of the miscigenation of different races and cultures, with influences so much of the ameríndios, original inhabitants of the continent, as of the Europeans, and of the Africans that were brought as slaves. Besides these, they also participate the Asian people, but more limited influence. The immigration was motivated by the government in the end of the century XIX, after the abolition of the slavery, to compose the labor that would work in the lavouras of coffee and in the nascent industries. There was strong flow of immigrants for the Southeast area (Portuguese, Italian, Spanish) and for the South area (German, Poles, Slavs). Other surtos imigratórios, caused by external factors, brought Jews, Japanese and South American in general.
This miscigenation is responsible, partly, for the fact of Brazil to be recognized as one of the most open and tolerant countries to the cultural differences. People of the most different origins, races and credos live together side by side, without social tensions, contributing to a rich and diversified culture. Climate In consequence of varied factors, the climatic diversity of the Brazilian territory is very big. Dentre them, he/she stands out the geographical physiognomy, the territorial extension, the relief and the dynamics of the masses of air. This last factor is of highest importance because it acts directly so much in the temperature as in the pluviosidade, provoking the regional climatic differentiations. The masses of air that interfere more directly are the equatorial (continental and Atlantic), the tropical (continental and Atlantic) and the polar Atlantic. Brazil presents the super-humid climate with several characteristics, such as the super-humid hot (equatorial), in spaces of the North area; super-humid mesotérmico (subtropical), in the South Area of Brazil and south of São Paulo, and super-humid hot (tropical), in a narrow strip litorânea of São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, Vitória, south of Bahia to Salvador, south of Sergipe and north of Alagoas. The humid climate, also with several characteristics: hot humid climate (equatorial), in Acre, Rondônia, Roraima, north of Mato Grosso, east of Amazonas, Pará, Amapá and small space to west of Maranhão; climate humid subquente (tropical), in São Paulo and south of Mato Grosso of the South, and the hot humid climate (tropical), in Mato Grosso of the South, south of Goiás, Southwest and a narrow strip of the west of Minas Gerais, and a strip of Sergipe and of the coast of Alagoas to Paraíba. The hot semi-humid climate (tropical), it corresponds to the south area of Mato Grosso of the South, Goiás, south of Maranhão, Southwest of Piauí, Minas Gerais, a very narrow strip the east of Bahia, to west of Big Rio of the North and a space of southern Bahia. The semi-arid climate, with diversification with relationship to the humidity, corresponding to a wide area of the hot tropical climate. Thus, the soft semi-arid climate is had, in the northeast of Maranhão, Piauí and it leaves south of Bahia; the semi-arid medium, in Ceará, Big Rio of the North, Paraíba, Pernambuco and interior of Bahia; the semi-arid strong, to the north of Bahia and interior of Paraíba, and the semi-arid very strong, in small portions of the interior of Paraíba, of Pernambuco and north of Bahia. Brazil possesses terrestrial very old geológicos and enough diversified, given its extensive territorial area. They don't exist, however, chains modern orogênicas, dated of Mesozóico, as you Walk them, them Alps and Himalaia. Eis the reason for the which the modesty of altitudes is one of the main characteristics of the Brazilian geomorphology. Rare they are the points in that the relief surpasses two thousand altitude meters, and the largest isolated altitudes meet in the north border of the country, while the largest regional averages are in the Southeast Area, notedly in the borders of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The oldest rocks integrate areas of crystalline shield, represented by the crátons: Amazon, Guyana, San Francisco, Luís Alves/Rio of La Plata, accompanied by extensive strips mobile proterozóicas. Of the existence of these crátons advém other characteristic very important geológica of the territory: its stability geológica.
They are uncommon in Brazil the great seismic disturbances or earthquakes. Expressive volcanic activity doesn't also exist. The parts more accident victims of the relief are resulting of dobramentos or old arqueamentos of the crust, dated of the proterozóico (mobile strips). The areas of sedimentary coverings are represented by three great sedimentary basins: Amazon Basin, Basin of Paraná and Basin of Parnaíba, whole presenting rocks of Palaeozoic age.
New Republic and Politics In 1985, competing with the candidate situacionista Paulo Maluf, the oposicionista Tancredo Neves wins an indirect election in the Electoral School. It is the end of the military dictatorship. The period military powder-dictatorship is known as New Republic. Tancredo doesn't get to take ownership, coming to die victim of infection contracted hospitalar in the occasion of a surgery. Its vice-president, José Sarney assumes the presidency of the republic. Under its government the Constitution of 1988, is promulgated that it institutes a Democratic State of Right and a Republic presidencialista, confirmed in plebiscite on April 21, 1993. In 1989, the former-governor of the State of Alagoas Fernando Collor, practically unknown in the rest of the country, for force of an aggressive campaign based on the combat promise to the corruption (it combats to the marajás), of the construction of an image of young and dynamic leader, that sold an image of politician of progressive right (its party was the Youth's inexpressive Party) and with support of the sections that they feared the candidate's of the PT victory, Luiz Inácio of Silva, president is chosen, in the first direct elections for the position since 1960. However, after two years, the president's own brother, Pedro Collor of Mello, makes public accusations of corruption through a system of mounted favorecimento for the treasurer of the electoral campaign, PC Farias. Without any resistance of the Executive, the National Congress establishes a CPI whose conclusions take to the request of the president's removal (impeachment). During the process, the Net Globe of Television produces and it transmits rebellious Years, of Gilberto Braga, a dramatic series set in the manifestations of 1968, which serves as inspiration for the movement of the face-colored ones, students' manifestations and intellectuals that, of the high of car-of-sound, they clamored for justice and for a better Brazil. Collor of Mello renounced before having its impediment approved by the Congress, but even so she was entitled its political suspended by ten years, although the law in vigor at that time foresaw the suspension of the process in the case of renouncement before its conclusion. Collor moved soon after to Miami. The Justice acquitted him of all the processes moved against him by its administration. PC Farias escaped of the country during some years and, after enviuvar, it came back to Alagoas but, in 1996, it was found at its room of sleeping, died by firearm wound.
Collor of Mello was happened in the presidency by the vice-president Itamar Franco in whose administration Plano real, an unpublished economic plan in the world executed then by the team of the minister of the farm is adopted, Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). Noticing that the Brazilian hyperinflation was an emotional phenomenon of separation of the monetary unit of change of the monetary unit of bills, the plan concentrated all the indexes of it readjusts of existent prices in an only index, the Real Unit of Value, or URV, the one which later on was transformed in currency, the Real, putting an end like this to the largest economic problem of Brazil: the inflation. With the success of Plano real, Cardoso, center-left, competes and president is chosen in 1994, getting the re-election in 1998. In the first mandate of FHC it is approved to the constitutional amendment that allows to the re-election in elective positions of the Legislative and Executive. FHC was also the responsible person for privatizing great state companies like Telebrás and the Company is Worth of Rio Doce. After the government's considered neoliberal eight years for the larger portion of the media and of the Brazilian left intellectuals, in 2002 president of the Republic the former-metallurgist Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is chosen, of the traditionally leftist Party of the Workers (PT). Fernando Henrique's economic orthodoxy continues being executed by this government.
In agreement with the Constitution of 1988, Brazil is a República Federativa Presidencialista, of inspiration estadunidense with relationship to the form of the State. However, the Brazilian legal system follows the Roman-Germanic tradition. Also the federalism in Brazil is very different from the federalism estadunidense. The Executive Power is exercised by the President, that accumulates boss's of State functions and boss of Government, elect quadrienalmente. Concomitantemente to the presidential elections, votes him for the National Congress, headquarters of the Legislative Power, divided at two parliamentary homes: the Camera of the Deputies, that have four year-old mandate, and the Federal Senate, whose members possess eight year-old mandates and they are chosen alternately in a third and two thirds every four years. Although the weight of each individual vote is the same in the vote for the Executive, the same it doesn't happen with the Legislative. On one side, there are three Senators representing each Unit of the Federation (now 27). For other, being considered the model classic federativo, the representation of the people for the deputies should be consonant to the population of each UF; its number is, however, limited the at least 8 and at the most 70. In any way, the majority system is adopted for the senators' election and the proportional for the deputies.
Finally, there is the Judiciary Power, whose maximum instance is the Supreme Federal Tribunal, responsible for interpreting the Federal Constitution and composed of eleven Ministers indicated by the President under I countersign of the Senate, dentre indíviduos of renowned to know juridical. The composition of the ministers of STF is not completely renewed to each presidential mandate: the president only indicates a new minister when one of them retires or you/he/she comes to die.

Separation of Portugal

After the separation of Portugal, that is to say, end of Brazil Colônia(1500-1822), dated officially on September 7, 1822, Brazil becomes a constitutional monarchy, Brazil Império(1822-1889), maintaining the base of its economy in the agriculture with labor slave. In order to the traffic slave trader for Dom Pedro II, the capital liberation allowed a larger diversification of the Brazilian economy. Then, Dom Pedro II was devoted to put an end to the slavery, with the one that farmers and political of the whole country they disagreed. Besides inhuman, the labor slave is not very efficient and gradually substituted by Dom Pedro II by arms vindos with the Portuguese, German, Italian and Spanish immigration. I supply it of modernization it continues in order to the slavery (1888), but Dom Pedro II pays a high price that and a coup the ribbon of the power and it puts an end to the Monarchy, the following year. What sees him starting from 1889 and of the knocked down of Dom Pedro II it is a setback in the way with that the blacks are treated by the government, and to a first moment he/she settles down a regime, in essence, racialmente preconceituoso THE Republic that then is established on November 15, 1889, it was proclaimed provisorily, with the promise of a plebiscite inside of one year to choose between Republic or Monarchy, what only happened in 1993 due to determination of the effective Federal Constitution (1988). Dominated by state oligarchies that were sustained through elections that necesseriamente was alternated in it positions of larger power the from São Paulo and mining, that the Republic Velha(1889-1930) he/she has as its largest marks the politics of the coffee-with-milk, that begins in 1894, and the changes in the federalism in Brazil–the Brazilian federalism until today he/she comes a version very different from the federalism estadunidense, in that is set. In 1930, Getúlio Vargas commands a Revolution that places it in the power, putting an end to the Old Republic. In 1934, under pressure, it promulgates a democratic Constitution. Even so, in 1937 alleging a communist conspiracy for the taking of the power, known like Plane Cohen, Vargas grants a new Constitution, closing the National Congress, restricting individual freedoms, establishing a dictatorship of Fascist inspirations that lasted to up to 1945. This period ditadorial of the Era Vargas (1930-1945) New State is called. After knocked down her of the dictatorship getulista and the promulgação of a new Federal Constitution (1946)até the Military Blow of 1964, the country lives the most democratic phase than it had already tried - Populismo(1946-1964) - although affected by facts as president Getúlio Vargas's suicide in 1954. Vargas had assumed in 1951 after having won election direct president.
In January of 1956, it took ownership the new president Juscelino Kubitschek, former-governor from Minas Gerais, that begins a period of intense industrialization of the country and the construction of the new federal capital, Brasília.
In 1961 it assumes the presidency of the republic the udenista Jânio Quadros, tends as vice-president the petebista João Goulart (there were elections for president and for vice-president in two different foils). With Jânio Pictures' renouncement on August 25, 1961 and after a period of institutional instabilidade and of the campaign that was well-known as " campaign of the legality " sponsored by João Goulart's brother-in-law, the governor from Big Rio of the South, Leonel Brizola,Jango it assumes the presidency (first in a regime parlamentarista, later starting from 1963 in a regime presidencialista) and it proposes a group of reforms that you/they were well-known as the " base " reforms, that they included distribution of income, it reforms agrarian and other measures, considered, for the opposition, comunizantes ". He/she had begun a period of political instabilidade and atritos among the several interests of the right and of the left. The military blow of 31 of Março of 1964 knocks down Goulart, it cools the personal ambitions and in favor of both sides and it establishes an exception regime - military dictatorship (1964-1985) - that had five presidents that, although civil in the moment in that they exercised the magistratura, they were official-generals of the reservation (in chronological order): Marshal White Castle, and General Arthur from Costa and Silva, Emílio Garrastazu Médici, Ernesto Geisel and João Baptista Figueiredo. Under the influence or technicians' coordination like Eugênio Gudin, Roberto Campos and Delfim Netto, the military regime carried out economic, fiscal reforms and you structure, surprisingly adopting flags similar to the one of João Goulart, as the Agrarian Reform (whose project, of Roberto Campos, it was combatted by UDN) and the nationalization of the infrastructure companies.
Initially enthusiast of the military regime in consequence of the economic progress, mainly for to the middle class, and also due to the manipulation through the censorship of the media and of the official propaganda, the society was opposed later on to the authoritarian regime. The exaggerations of the system of political policiamento, epitomizados for journalist Vladimir Herzog's death took the own president Geisel to adopt energetic position against the " hard " line. In the elections of 1976 the opposition had expressive voting, what took to a " slow one, it holds and gradual " opening, with the several political exiles' turn, the end of the previous censorship to the press, the amnesty (dictates " wide, general and unrestricted ") and the movement, in the useless practice, even so of great symbolic meaning, the Direct-already, that gathered millions of people in assemblies in the year of 1984. Assemblies that were taken to the air, live, by the radio stations of TV of the country. Surprisingly, the largest radio station of TV of Brazil, the Net Globe of Television, was the only to ignore the movement completely, without doing any reference to the assemblies in its news ones. Only coming to do it then after the president from Brazil, General João Figueiredo to negotiate openly of the subject.

Historical Patrimony Brazil

Environment and Historical Patrimony Brazil is the country of larger biodiversidade of the planet. It was the first signatory of the Convention about the Biological Diversity (CDB), and megabiodiverso is considered–country that gathers 70% of the vegetable and animal species of the planet at least–for Conservation International (CI).
Arara-canindé
The biodiversidade can be qualified by the diversity in ecosystems, in biological species, in endemismos and in genetic patrimony. Due to its continental dimension and to the great variation geomorfológica and climatic, Brazil already shelters seven biomas, 49 ecorregiões, classified, and incalculable ecosystems. The five larger biomas is: Amazônia, Atlantic forest, Swampland, Pampas and Interior. The terrestrial biota possesses the richest flora of the world, with up to 56.000 species of superior plants already described; more than 3.000 species of fish of fresh water; 517 species of amphibians; 1.677 species of birds; and 518 species of mammals; he/she can have up to 10 million insects.
It is necessary to remind that it shelters, also, the largest net existent hidrográfica. The historical Patrimony of Brazil is existent one of the oldest in America, concentrated above all on the state of Minas Gerais (Ouro Preto, Diamantina, Saint João del-king, Sabará, Congonhases, etc) and in another specific zones, as in the historical centers of Recife, São Luís, Salvador, Olinda, Santos, etc. There is also diversity in Archaeological, as found Ranches him in the South of the State of Piauí: it Saws of Capivara. The problems faced by most of the Brazilian archaeological ranches don't affect the more than 600 ranches that are in the National Park of the Mountain of Capivara, in Piauí. Located in an area of 130 thousand hectares the National Park of the Mountain of Capivara it is an example of conservation of the national historical and artistic patrimony. In 1991, world patrimony was consecrated by Unesco. The Mountain of Capivara is one of the protected areas of Brazil, because it is under the guard of Iphan, Ministry of the environment (MMA), Fundahm and of local Ibama, that has police power. In this same area the American Man's Museum is located, where he/she meets the oldest human fossil found in America and the second older of the world.
The economy of Brazil is América Latin's largest, with a GDP of the order of 795 billion (thousands of million) of dollars (2005). Brazil possesses to 10th larger economy of the world (measured by its PIB PPC), or for 14th larger (measured by its PNB PPC), with a PNB US$ 644,133 billion. [1] the economy of the country is quite diversified and it embraces several types of economic and industrial activity, dentre the main ones meet: Industry aeronautical Agriculture and Agroindústria Industry automotiva Divisão Geoeconômica Indústria of eletro-electronic Extrativismo Industry of transformation Industry textile Mining Industry petroquímica Tourism Services Brazilian Financial System

Demography of Brazil

Demography THE population of Brazil is very several, having participated in its formation several people and etnias. The base of the Brazilian people is the Portuguese element, that colonized the country after 1500. Until the independence, in 1822, Portugal was the only European nation that settled down with success in Brazil, and great part of the Brazilian culture has its root in that of Portugal. Neerlandeses (to see Dutch Invasions of Brazil) and French (to see França Antártica) they also tried to colonize Brazil in the century XVII, but its presence lasted just some decades. Women of the North brasileiroA population indigenous original of Brazil (among 3-5 million) it was largely exterminated or assimilated by the Portuguese population. Since the beginning of the colonization, the mixture among Portuguese and native it was common. Brazil has a great black population, descending of the African slaves brought to the country of the century XVI a century XIX. More than 3 million Africans were taken to Brazil until the end of the slaves' traffic, in 1850. They were mainly from Angola, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Costa of the Ivory and São Tomé and Prince. The African population in Brazil was mixed in wide scale with the Portuguese, creating a great mestizo population in the country. Members of OlodumNo century XIX, the Brazilian government stimulated the immigration of Europeans to substitute the labor slave. The first immigrants no-lusos the if they establish in Brazil they were the Swisses, in 1819. In 1869, the first group of Polish immigrants arrived in Brazil. However, the immigration in mass of Europeans to Brazil only began after 1875, when the immigration coming of Italy, Portugal and Spain grew. In agreement with the Immigrant's Memorial, between 1870 and 1953, they entered in Brazil about 5,5 million immigrants, being the Italians (1.550.000), Portuguese (1.470.000), Spanish (650.000), German (210.000), Japanese (190.000), Poles (120.000) and 650.000 of several other nationalities. Brazil has the largest population of Italian origin I/you had gone of to Italy, with 25 million descendants of Italian. Those immigrants settled down above all in the states of the South and Southeast. The descendants of Germans form great part of the population of the South of BrasilComeçando in the beginning of the century XX, Brazil also received a great number of Japanese immigrants, that went mainly to São Paulo. They constitute the largest population of Asian origin of the country today. Japanese and resident descendants in Brazil (1,5 million) they are out the largest Japanese population of Japan. It also happened a significant immigration coming of Middle East (Lebanon and Syria) THE Brazilian population is above all concentrated in the coast, with a smaller demographic density in the interior. Races and etnias in agreement with the census of 2000 accomplished by the IBGE, the Brazilian people solemnity-were classified as: white (53,7%), brown (38,5%), black (6,2%), yellow (0,5%), indigenous (0,4%) and no-specified (0,7%). The racial classification in Brazil is based above all on the color of the skin and in the physical appearance, and not in the ancestralidade. A recent genetic study accomplished by the Federal University of Minas Gerais[2], he/she reveals that most of the Brazilians possesses a combination of indigenous ancestralidade (mainly tupi and Guarani, among other), European (mainly Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German) and African (mainly Bantu and Iorubá), with a minority of Asian origin (mainly Japanese) and Arabic (Lebanese and Syrian). In agreement with the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, racism is a crime inafiançável and it is punished with prison. Brazilian reflects the several people that constitute the demography of the country: indigenous, European, African, Asian, Arabs etc. As a result of the intense miscigenation of people, a peculiar cultural reality appeared, that synthesizes the several cultures that formed the country. Although it is a country lusófono and have inherited the Portuguese settlers' culture, the reality in the several areas of Brazil it reflects the immense ethnic-cultural diversity of the country. In the northeast, nomeadamente in Bahia and in Maranhão, they are common the parties, the ritos and the rhythms of the African tradition; in the north of the Country, the folklore and the indigenous cookery; in the south, the European traditions, of the which deserve prominence the German and the Italian, having, same, some of them that, having already disappeared at its origin countries, they only subsist in Brazil Television audience Research done by IBOPE Globo: 49,9% SBT: 20,0% Record: 15,5% Members of the Bandeiras: 6,9% Rede TV: 3,4% Migrations recent international Migrations in Brazil internal Migrations in Brasil Idiomas Portuguese NatalO is the official language and spoken by the whole population. Brazil is the Portuguese-speaking of America only country, giving it a different cultural identity in relation to the other countries of the continent. The Portuguese is the only spoken language and written official from Brazil, with some variations in the colloquial language in agreement with the area. It is the language used in the teaching institutions, in the communication means and in the business. The language spoken in Brazil is partly different from that spoken in Portugal and in the other countries lusófonos. The Portuguese from Brazil and the European Portuguese didn't develop in an uniform way, having some differences in the phonetics and in the spelling, although the differences among the two variants don't commit the mutual understanding. Minority languages in spite of the Portuguese to be the maternal language of 98% of the Brazilians, several other minority languages are spoken in the day-to-day in the vast Brazilian territory. It leaves of those languages they are indigenous languages, spoken above all in the North Area of Brazil. The spoken languages are of the log Tupi-Guarani. To the whole, they are spoken about 180 indigenous languages in Brazil, even so, many of those languages are in serious extinction risk. Other languages spoken in healthy Brazil among the little communities of immigrants' descendants that got to preserve its languages, mainly in the South of the Country. Most of those communities is speakers of German dialects, prevailing Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, although others speak Germanic, as the pomerano, still survive in more restricted communities. Italian and, mainly, the language vêneta (in the case the variant talian) still possue concentrated speakers in the mountains gaúchas. Japanese has speakers above all in the colonies of São Paulo, mainly in the Freedom. In the census of 2000, two million Brazilians declared approximately to have as maternal language a language that is not the Portuguese. German was declared as maternal language by 1,5 million Brazilians; Italian for 500 thousand, Japanese for 400 thousand and Korean for 37 thousand. Those minorities linguistics are in its bilingual largest part, that is to say, they speak Portuguese together to the language of immigrant origin. Though, due to the fast assimilation, the number of immigrants' descendants that you/they still speak the ancestors' language it is in decline, mainly among the newest generations, that usually learn primarily the Portuguese language. Religion Statue of Cristo Redentor, Rio of JaneiroQuase 3 in each 4 Brazilians, or 74% of the population, they are Catholic. That does the largest Catholic nation of the world of Brazil.
The number of Protestants has been growing quickly, presenting 15,4%, or almost 1 in each 6.
About 7% of the population it doesn't profess any religion.
Followers of the spiritism understand 1,3%.
Followers of religions of African origin (as candomblé and umbanda) they represent around 0,3% of the population.
The Brazilian Jewish community has 160 thousand members, and the Asian religions (xintoísmo, Buddhism, Seicho-knot-Ie etc) they are followed for 300 thousand people. Islamismo is followed by 30 thousand people.

The República Federativa of Brazil

The República Federativa of Brazil is the largest and more populous country of América Latina and the fifth largest in area and population of the world. Its total area is of 8.514.876,599 km², it is located in the central and northeast part of South America. Its borders to the healthy North with Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and with the department foreign French of French Guiana; he/she has, East and Southeast
in the Oceano Atlântico. To the South, he/she makes border with Uruguay; to Southwest, with Argentina and Paraguay; to West, with Bolivia and Peru, and to Northwest, with Colombia. The only South American countries that don't make border with Brazil are Chile and Ecuador. Well besides the continental territory, Brazil also possesses some small groups of islands in the Oceano Atlântico: Penedos of São Pedro and São Paulo, Fernando of Noronha, and Trinidad and Martim Vaz. There is also a complex of small islands and you color called Atoll of the you Rub. The origin of the name of Brazil gave place to nothing less than eleven different hypotheses, until that the Brazilian philologist Adelino José of Silva Azevedo summarized them in an alone one in a book published in 1967, in which it proved that is a word of Celtic origin, although its more remote origins can be traced until the fenícios. This people maintained an intense trade of a red coloring that was extracted of a mineral whose main suppliers were the Celtic ones, people minerador that it explored lied of Ibéria to Ireland. The Greeks happened to the fenícios in the trade of this product, the one that called ´kinnabar´, and that passed to Latin as ´cinnabar´, to the Portuguese like ´cinábrio´ and to Spanish like ´cinabrio´. As one of the characteristics of the Celtic languages is the investment of particles, ´kinnabar´ they called ´barkino´, that would give place ´barcino´, adjective that is applied certain animals of for the red and that, with variants, it started to designate the red color in several languages of Celtic influence.
In the Medium Age, the artisans began to use an extracted red colorante of the wood that called her ´verzino´ in Toscana, in Veneza ´berziy´, in Gênova ´brazi´, name that soon was used to also designate the wood from where it was extracted, that was well-known in Spain as ´palo brasil´ou ´palo of Fernambuco´, and in Portugal as ´pau-brasil´.
At that time of the discoveries, the Portuguese kept the secret carefully of whatever they found or they conquered, in order to explore it advantageously, but it didn't delay in spreading in Europe that had discovered a certain ´ilha Brasil´ in the middle of the Atlantic, from where they extract ´pau-brasil´.
The gentílico ´brasileiro´ appeared in the century XVI and he/she referred initially to the that traded that wood and, later, to the Portuguese that arrived to that exotic place in search of fortune.
The colonization was not never in the purposes of the mercantile company that it impelled the sailings, specifically set up for the change, she always operated in the presupposition of the existence of local production, in the areas with that blanket the change. The problem of the colonization presents, like this, great difficulties, once the structure economic Portuguese was not prepared to face it. The exploration of America should appear, in the picture of the time, as a company extraordinarily difficult, in first place he/she had to attract people to populate the American continent. The obstacles, in that sense, were so important, that in the century XVI, that seems to have contemplated him in the controvertido problem of the degredados: to turn the Brazil destiny of these it seems to have been one in the ways of winning the natural resistances to the transplantação for an earth that didn't offer such little perspectives. There was also as obstacle, painful work conditions in the colony beside the weak enriquecimento possibilities, but it could be won by a high retribution of the work, in the case of if they move wage workers. Officially, the discoverer was Pedro Álvares Cabral, having sighted earth on April 21 and arrived in current Porto Seguro (Bahia) on April 22, 1500.
The effective occupation gave him starting from 1532, with the foundation of villa of São Vicente, by Martim Afonso of Sousa, donatário of two captaincies, but the one of São Vicente had just prospered, and even so, less than the captaincy of New Lusitânia (Pernambuco). All the other captaincies didn't prosper.
Unsatisfied, Dom João III decided to create a central government to correct the problems without abolishing the captaincies. He/she was correspondent Tomé of Sousa as first governor-general, that on March 29, 1549 it founded the city of Salvador as capital of Brazil.
Along the century XVI, went being rehearsed to slavery, initially the one of the natives, and starting from the last decades the one of the African, because there was already many black slaves in Portugal. They date of that century the first attempts of exploration of the interior there were still disputes with Frenches, that tried to implant in America for the piracy and for the commércio of the Brazilwood, getting to create a luso-French war. All this culminated with the expulsion of Frenches brought by Villegaignon, that had built to the small fort of Coligny in Rio de Janeiro), settling down in definitive the Portuguese hegemony.
The century XVII sees a great development of the agriculture, that uses the labor slave of African Blacks, with tobacco cultures and especially of the sugar-cane in Bahia, Pernambuco, and more tardiamente in Rio de Janeiro. The expeditions calls of Entrances and Flags of the from São Paulo discovered the gold, precious stones in Minas Gerais and herbs in the interior. The colonies native of northeastern Brazil were busy for the Dutchmen in 1624, and between 1630 and 1654, mainly under the command of Maurício of Nassau, being at the end expelled in the battle of Guararapes. In that time the Quilombo of Palmares was founded, by Zumbi, warring leader, and that congregated thousands of fled blacks of the mills of cane of the Brazilian northeast and some Indians and poor or undesirable whites. This sub-world was destroyed finally, not without a heroic and violent resistance, for the Portuguese members of the Bandeiras commanded by Domingos Old Jorge, tends its leader been died and decapitated (according to the no-official tradition, Zumbi would have gotten to flee).
In the century XVIII, although the production of the sugar has not lost its importance, the attentions of the Crown concentrated on the area of Minas Gerais where one had discovered gold. This, however, it is drained before the end of the century.

For 10 years Brazil had an owner. When closing an exclusiveness contract for the exploration of the brazilwood, in 1502, Christian-new Fernão of Noronha leased the country for three years, ahead of a consortium of Jewish conversos. The agreement teriasido renewed in tês occasions. the obligations of the cartel were: to explore the brazilwood, to defend the earth against the greed of Spaniards and French, to establish a feitoria, to explore 900 leagues (5,9 thousand kilometers) of coast and to pay a fifth of the profits to the Crown.

In 1503, Noronha armed its first expedition, he/she discovered the island that today has its name and inicioua exploration of the stick-of-ink. Noronha, or Loronha, agent of the German Jews Függer (monopolists of the coffer), it was a ricoarmador born in Astúrias, in Spain, that sent fleets to India and it possessed an international net of business, with thirst in London. During one decade, it was the proprietor from Brazil.



Paus e Juros


O pau-brasil foi o primeiro monopólio estatal do Brasil: só a metrópole podia explorá-lo (ou terceirizar o empreendimento). It would be, also, the more duraduoro of the cartels: the exploration was only open to initiative deprived in 1872, when the reservations had already made scarce brutally.

Exploration is not the term: he/she wants there was it was it a devastation, with knocked down her of 70 million trees. As that confirming the symbolic vocation, the brazilwood, in September of 1826, for the payment of the interests of first external loan taken by Brazil.

When running across with the National Treasure lacking gold, D. Pedro I sent to Ingleterra 50 back yards (three tons) of brazilwood toras to auction them in London. The hope of the inperador of liquidating the debt with the " stick-of-dyed " esbarrou in an innovation tecnológic:o coming of the industry of anilines had reduced in a lot the value of the tree-symbol of Brazil. The interests were pagos with delay. In money not in sticks.
That this History makes us to contemplate that needed to rediscover us to every day of ours to live and we make proud ourselves for we be Brazilian............

On Tuesday in the afternoon, they were the big ones entangled of " long herbs the one that the mareantes gives the tail-of-ass " name. They appeared floating beside the naus and they disappeared in the horizon. In Wednesday for the morning, the flight of the hole-buchos, a type of gull, it broke the silence of the seas and of the skies, reaffirming the certainty that the earth met close. At dusk, silhuetados against the splendor of the twilight, the rounded contours of " a great hill " were delineated, surrounded by plane lands, dressed of a dense and majestic arvoredo.

It was April 22, 1500. After 44 days of trip, Pedro Álvares Cabral fleet shimmered earth - more with relief and pleasure than with surprise or fright. In the nine following days, in the generous bays of the south of Bahia, the 13 ships of the largest armada already correspondent to India for the discovered route for Vasco of Gama would stay recognizing the new earth and its inhabitants.

The first contact, friendly as the others, he/she gave him already the following day, Thursday, April 23. Captain Nicolau Coelho, veteran of India and companion of Gama, went to earth, in a batel, and it came across 18 brown, nude men ", with arches and arrows in the hands ". Coelho gave them a red cap, a linen hood and a black sombrero. In change, he/she received a to scratch of feathers and a necklace of white bills. Brazil, baptized Island of Vera Cruz, he/she entered, in that instant, in the course of the history.

The official discovery of the country is registered with minutiae. Little are the nations that possess a " as precise and fluent as the letter birth certificate " that Pero Vaz of Bed sent to the king from Portugal, talent Manuel, telling the " achamento " of the new earth. Nevertheless, a doubt hovers on the wide route deviation that drove Cabral's armada much more for west than the necessary to arrive to India. Would the discovery of Brazil maybe have been a jewfish?

It is probable that the subject never comes to be illuminated. However, the signature of the Agreement of Tordesilhas that, six years before, he/she had given to Portugal the ownership of the lands that you/they were to 370 leagues (around 2 thousand kilometers) to west of Cape Verde, the naturalness with that the earth was sighted, the precise knowledge of the currents and of the routes, the climatic conditions during the trip and the high probability that the country had already been sighted previously they seem to be the warranty that the landing, on that morning of April of 1500, was mere formality: Cabral could just be taking ownership of an earth that the Portuguese already knew, although superficially. An earth for the which you/they would still delay about half century for if they interest in fact.

Tupiniquins along the ten days that it passed in Brazil, Cabral's armada took contact with about 500 native. They were, it would be known later, tupiniquins - one of the tribes of the group tupi-Guarani that, in the beginning of the century XVI, almost occupied the whole coast of Brazil. The tupi-Guaranis had arrived to the area in a series of migrations of religious fund (in search of the " Earth Without Evils "), at the beginning of the Christian Era. The tupiniquins lived in the south of Bahia and in the cercanias of Santos and Betioga, in São Paulo. They were about 85 thousand. About 1530, they joined to the Portuguese in the war against the tupinambás-tamoios, allies of Frenches. It was an useless alliance: in 1570, they were already practically extinct, massacred by Mem of Sá, third governor-general of Brazil.